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Impurities and Radiation

The impurity radiation model in PROCESS uses a multi-impurity model which integrates the radiation contributions over an arbitrary choice of density and temperature profiles1

The impurity number density fractions relative to the electron density are constant and are set using input array fimp(1,...,14). The available species are as follows:

fimp Species
1 Hydrogen isotopes (fraction calculated by code)
2 Helium (fraction calculated by code)
3 Beryllium
4 Carbon
5 Nitrogen
6 Oxygen
7 Neon
8 Silicon
9 Argon
10 Iron
11 Nickel
12 Krypton
13 Xenon
14 Tungsten

As stated above, the number density fractions for hydrogen (all isotopes) and helium need not be set, as they are calculated by the code to ensure plasma quasi-neutrality taking into account the fuel ratios fdeut, ftrit and fhe3, and the alpha particle fraction ralpne which may be input by the user or selected as an iteration variable.

The impurity fraction of any one of the elements listed in array fimp (other than hydrogen isotopes and helium) may be used as an iteration variable. The impurity fraction to be varied can be set simply with fimp(i) = <value>, where i is the corresponding number value for the desired impurity in the table above.

The synchrotron radiation power2 3 is assumed to originate from the plasma core. The wall reflection factor ssync may be set by the user.

By changing the input parameter coreradius, the user may set the normalised radius defining the 'core' region. Only the impurity and synchrotron radiation from this affects the confinement scaling. Figure 1 below shows the radiation power contributions.

Schematic diagram of radiation power contributions Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the radiation power contributions and how they are split between core and edge radiation

Constraint equation no. 17 with iteration variable no. 28 (fradpwr) ensures that the calculated total radiation power does not exceed the total power available that can be converted to radiation (i.e. the sum of the fusion alpha power, other charged particle fusion power, auxiliary injected power and the ohmic power). This constraint should always be turned on.


  1. H. Lux, R. Kemp, D.J. Ward, M. Sertoli, 'Impurity radiation in DEMO systems modelling', Fus. Eng. | Des. 101, 42-51 (2015) 

  2. Albajar, Nuclear Fusion 41 (2001) 665 

  3. Fidone, Giruzzi and Granata, Nuclear Fusion 41 (2001) 1755