PROCESS Publications
Physics and Engineering Model Papers
The physics and engineering papers outline the models used in PROCESS, both published in Fusion Engineering and Design.
Below is a list of publications using or citing PROCESS by year:
2024
Optimizing the cost of the STEP programme
H. Lux, C. Brown, M. Butcher, R. Chapman, J. Foster, N. Nawal
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (2024) 382:20230413
Digital: accelerating the pathway
A. Davis, C. Waldon, S.I. Muldrew, B.S. Patel, P. Verrier, T.R. Barrett, G.A. Politis
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (2024) 382:20230411
Concept design overview: a question of choices and compromise
C. Waldon, S.I. Muldrew, J. Keep, R. Verhoeven, T. Thompson, M. Kisbey-Ascott
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (2024) 382:20230414
The Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production: theme issue introduction
I.T. Chapman, S.C. Cowley, H.R. Wilson
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (2024) 382:20230416
Flat-top plasma operational space of the STEP power plant
E. Tholerus, F.J. Casson, S.P. Marsden, T. Wilson, D. Brunetti, P. Fox, S.J. Freethy, T.C. Hender, S.S. Henderson, A. Hudoba, K.K. Kirov, F. Koechl, H. Meyer, S.I. Muldrew, C. Olde, B.S. Patel, C.M. Roach, S. Saarelma, G. Xia
Nuclear Fusion 64 (2024) 106030
The Influence of Confinement Scaling on Spherical Tokamak Power Plant Design and Performance
C. Ashe, S.I. Muldrew
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (Early Access)
Overview of European efforts and advances in Stellarator power plant studies
F. Warmer, J. Alguacil, D. Biek, T. Bogaarts, G. Bongiovì, V. Bykov, J.P. Catalán, R.K. Duligal, I. Fernández-Berceruelo, S. Giambrone, C. Hume, M. Hrecinuc, R. Kembleton, J. Lion, T. Lyytinen, J.A. Noguerón Valiente, I. Palermo, V. Queral, D. Rapisarda, W.J. Rutten, L. Sanchis, X. Sarasola, K. Sedlak, A. Snicker, D. Sosa, F.R. Urgorri
Fusion Engineering and Design 202 (2024) 114386
Transitioning From Top–Down to Bottom–Up Cost Assessments in Fusion
M. Butcher, H. Lux, J. Foster
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (Early Access)
Using Bayesian Networks as Metamodels for Predicting Uncertain Fusion Economics in Spherical Tokamaks
T. Griffiths, Z. Xuereb Conti, J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, M. Bluck
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (Early Access)
Extrapolating Costs to Commercial Fusion Power Plants
J. Foster, H. Lux, S. Knight, D. Wolff, S.I. Muldrew
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (Early Access)
Conceptual design workflow for the STEP Prototype Powerplant
S.I. Muldrew, C. Harrington, J. Keep, C. Waldon, C. Ashe, R. Chapman, C. Griesel, A.J. Pearce, F. Casson, S.P. Marsden, E. Tholerus
Fusion Engineering and Design 201 (2024) 114238
2023
Architectural development of an ST fusion device
T.G. Brown, J.E. Menard
Fusion Engineering and Design 192 (2023) 113583
Virtual prototyping of liquid metal blanket performance in fusion pilot plant
A. Khodak, A. Brooks, T. Brown, J. Klabacha, B. Linn, T. Looby, J. Menard, C. Swanson, P. Titus, H. Zhang
Fusion Engineering and Design 191 (2023) 113692
Technological features of a commercial fusion power plant, and the gap from DEMO
R. Kembleton
Fusion Engineering and Design 190 (2023) 113544
2022
Toward DEMO power plant concept selection under epistemic uncertainty
E. Miralles-Dolz, A. Pearce, J. Morris, E. Patelli
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 50(11) (2022) 4440-4445
Boosting the efficiency of future fusion power plants combining energy and heat production
P. Cano-Megias, J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, R. Chacartegui, J. Ayllon-Guerola, J.A. Becerra-Villanueva, E. Viezzer
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 50(11) (2022) 4430-4439
Sensitivity analysis of capital cost of European DEMO design
A.J. Pearce, S. Kahn, J. Morris, S.I. Muldrew
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 50(11) (2022) 4413-4418
Commercialization of fusion power plants
H. Lux, D. Wolff, J. Foster
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 50(11) (2022) 4401-4405
Validation and results of an approximate model for the stress of a tokamak toroidal field coil at the inboard midplane
C.P.S. Swanson, S. Kahn, C. Rana, P.H. Titus, A.W. Brooks, W. Guttenfelder, Y. Zhai, T.G. Brown, J.E. Menard
arXiv:2206.14699 (2022)
Recent progress in Chinese fusion research based on superconducting tokamak configuration
J. Zheng, J. Qin, K. Lu, M. Xu, X. Duan, G. Xu, J. Hu, X. Gong, Q. Zang, Z. Liu, L. Wang, R. Ding, J. Chen, P. Li, L. Xue, L. Cai, Y. Song
The Innovation 3(4) (2022) 100269
Training and upgrading tokamak power plants with remountable superconducting magnets
S.B.L. Chislett-McDonald, E. Surrey, J. Naish, A. Turner, D.P. Hampshire
arXiv:2205.04441 (2022)
Designing a fusion power plant with superconducting training magnets
S.B.L. Chislett-McDonald
Durham University PhD Thesis (2022)
EU-DEMO design space exploration and design drivers
R. Kembleton, J. Morris, M. Siccinio, F. Maviglia, the PROCESS team
Fusion Engineering and Design 178 (2022) 113080
Development of the plasma scenario for EU-DEMO: Status and plans
M. Siccinio, J.P. Graves, R. Kembleton, H. Lux, F. Maviglia, A.W. Morris, J. Morris, H. Zohm
Fusion Engineering and Design 176 (2022) 113047
The DEMO magnet system – Status and future challenges
V. Corato, C. Vorpahl, K. Sedlak, V.A. Anvar, J. Bennet, M.E. Biancolini, F. Bonne, R. Bonifetto, D.P. Boso, A. Brighenti, P. Bruzzone, G. Celentano, A. della Corte, G. De Marzi, V. D'Auria, F. Demattè, A. Dembkowska, O. Dicuonzo, C. Fiamozzi Zignani, W.H. Fietz, C. Frittitta, L. Giannini, F. Giorgetti, R. Guarino, R. Heller, C. Hoa, M. Huguet, G. Jiolat, M. Kumar, B. Lacroix, M. Lewandowska, N. Misiara, L. Morici, L. Muzzi, D.S. Nickel, S. Nicollet, A. Nijhuis, F. Nunio, C. Portafaix, X. Sarasola, L. Savoldi, I. Tiseanu, G. Tomassetti, A. Torre, S. Turtù, D. Uglietti, R. Vallcorba, K.-P. Weiss, R. Wesche, M.J. Wolf, K. Yagotintsev, L. Zani, R. Zanino, A. Zappatore
Fusion Engineering and Design 174 (2022) 112971
2021
Fusion energy: A global effort – A UK opportunity
M. Rooney, T. Roulstone, G. Locatelli, B. Lindley
Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Assystem (2021)
A general stellarator version of the systems code PROCESS
J. Lion, F. Warmer, H. Wang, C.D. Beidler, S.I. Muldrew, R.C. Wolf
Nuclear Fusion 61 (2021) 126021
Analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycles for a helium-cooled pebble bed blanket DEMO-like fusion power plant
J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, P. Cano-Megias, R. Chacartegui, J. Ayllon-Guerola
Fusion Engineering and Design 173 (2021) 112860
Preparing systems codes for power plant conceptual design
J. Morris, M. Coleman, S. Kahn, S.I. Muldrew, A.J. Pearce, D. Short, J.E. Cook, S. Desai, L. Humphrey, M. Kovari, J. Maddock, D. Vaccaro
Nuclear Fusion 61 (2021) 116020
Feasibility of D-D start-up under realistic technological assumptions for EU-DEMO
M. Siccinio, P. Chiovaro, F. Cismondi, M. Coleman, C. Day, E. Fable, G. Federici, T. Härtl, J. Schwenzer, G.A. Spagnuolo
Fusion Engineering and Design 171 (2021) 112554
Design uncertainty for a HELIAS 5-B stellarator fusion power plant
S.I. Muldrew, F. Warmer, J. Lion, H. Lux
Fusion Engineering and Design 170 (2021) 112708
2020
DEMO physics challenges beyond ITER
M. Siccinio, W. Biel, M. Cavedon, E. Fable, G. Federici, F. Janky, H. Lux, F. Maviglia, J. Morris, F. Palermo, O. Sauter, F. Subba, H. Zohm
Fusion Engineering and Design 156 (2020) 111603
Summary of the 3rd IAEA technical meeting on divertor concepts
M. Barbarino, A.W. Leonard, N. Asakura, M. Jakubowski, M. Kobayashi, B. Lipschultz, R. Neu, L. Wang, M. Wischmeier
Nuclear Fusion 60 (2020) 097001
Assessment of alternative divertor configurations as an exhaust solution for DEMO
H. Reimerdes, R. Ambrosino, P. Innocente, A. Castaldo, P. Chmielewski, G. Di Gironimo, S. Merriman, V. Pericoli-Ridolfini, L. Aho-Mantilla, R. Albanese, H. Bufferand, G. Calabro, G. Ciraolo, D. Coster, N. Fedorczak, S. Ha, R. Kembleton, K. Lackner, V.P. Loschiavo, T. Lunt, D. Marzullo, R. Maurizio, F. Militello, G. Ramogida, F. Subba, S. Varoutis, R. Zagórski, H. Zohm
Nuclear Fusion 60 (2020) 066030
Comparison of the PROCESS systems code with the SONIC divertor code
J. Morris, N. Asakura, Y. Homma, K. Hoshino, M. Kovari
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 48 (2020) 1799-1803
"PROCESS": Systems studies of spherical tokamaks
S.I. Muldrew, H. Lux, G. Cunningham, T.C. Hender, S. Kahn, P.J. Knight, B. Patel, G.M. Voss, H.R. Wilson
Fusion Engineering and Design 154 (2020) 111530
2019
Status of divertor/scrape-off layer modelling in PROCESS
S.I. Muldrew, M. Kovari, J. Morris
Third IAEA Technical Meeting on Divertor Concepts, Vienna, Austria (2019)
Figure of merit for divertor protection in the preliminary design of the EU-DEMO reactor
M. Siccinio, G. Federici, R. Kembleton, H. Lux, F. Maviglia, J. Morris
Nuclear Fusion 59 (2019) 106026
Overview of the DEMO staged design approach in Europe
G. Federici, C. Bachmann, L. Barucca, C. Baylard, W. Biel, L.V. Boccaccini, C. Bustreo, S. Ciattaglia, F. Cismondi, V. Corato, C. Day, E. Diegele, T. Franke, E. Gaio, C. Gliss, T. Haertl, A. Ibarra, J. Holden, G. Keech, R. Kembleton, A. Loving, F. Maviglia, J. Morris, B. Meszaros, I. Moscato, G. Pintsuk, M. Siccinio, N. Taylor, M.Q. Tran, C. Vorpahl, H. Walden and J.H. You
Nuclear Fusion 59 (2019) 066013
Implications of uncertainties on European DEMO design
H. Lux, M. Siccinio, W. Biel, G. Federici, R. Kembleton, A.W. Morris, E. Patelli, H. Zohm
Nuclear Fusion 59 (2019) 066012
Validation and sensitivity of CFETR design using EU systems codes
J. Morris, V. Chan, S. Mao, M.Y. Ye
Fusion Engineering and Design 146 (2019) 574
Uncertainty analysis of an SST-2 fusion reactor design
S.I. Muldrew, H. Lux, V. Menon, R. Srinivasan
Fusion Engineering and Design 146 (2019) 353
Systems studies of double null divertor models
A.J. Pearce, R. Kembleton, M. Kovari, H. Lux, F. Maviglia, J. Morris, M. Siccinio
46th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Milan, Italy (2019)
BLUEPRINT: A novel approach to fusion reactor design
M. Coleman, S. McIntosh
Fusion Engineering and Design 139 (2019) 26-38
Could high H98-factor commercial tokamak power plants use Nb–Ti toroidal field coils?
S.B.L. Chislett-McDonald, E. Surrey, D.P. Hampshire
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 29 (2019) 4200405
Engineering challenges for accelerated fusion demonstrators
E. Surrey
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377 (2019) 20170442
2018
Fast evaluation of the current driven by electron cyclotron waves for reactor studies
E. Poli, M. Müller, H. Zohm, M. Kovari
Physics of Plasmas 25 (2018) 122501
Tokamak systems analyses using a fast 1D transport solver: Models and assessments
J.C. Rivas, E. Fable, R. Kemp, H. Lux, R. Wenninger
Fusion Engineering and Design 136 (2018) 1125-1129
Exploring a broad spectrum of design options for DEMO
R. Kemp, R. Wenninger, G. Federici, H. Reimerdes, R. Ambrosino, R. Brown, M. Coleman
Fusion Engineering and Design 136 (2018) 970-974
The next step in systems modelling: The integration of a simple 1D transport and equilibrium solver
K.V. Ellis, H. Lux, E. Fable, R. Kembleton, M. Siccinio
45th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Prague, Czech Republic (2018)
A one-dimentional scrape-off layer model in the reactor systems code 'PROCESS'
M. Kovari, A. Kallenbach, M. Siccinio
45th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Prague, Czech Republic (2018)
Approximation of the economy of fusion energy
S. Entler, J. Horacek, T. Dlouhy, V. Dostal
Energy 152 (2018) 489-497
Plasma physics for fusion reactor system codes: Framework and model code
E. Fable, C. Angioni, M. Siccinio, H. Zohm
Fusion Engineering and Design 130 (2018) 131-136
2017
Time-dependent power requirements for pulsed fusion reactors in systems codes
J. Morris, M. Kovari
Fusion Engineering and Design 124 (2017) 1203-1206
Heating & current drive efficiencies, TBR and RAMI considerations for DEMO
T. Franke, P. Agostinetti, K. Avramidis, A. Bader, Ch. Bachmann, W. Biel, T. Bolzonella, S. Ciattaglia, M. Coleman, F. Cismondi, G. Granucci, G. Grossetti, J. Jelonnek, I. Jenkins, M. Kalsey, R. Kembleton, N. Mantel, J.-M. Noterdaeme, N. Rispoli, A. Simonin, P. Sonato, M.Q. Tran, P. Vincenzi, R. Wenninger
Fusion Engineering and Design 123 (2017) 495-499
Uncertainties in power plant design point evaluations
H. Lux, R. Kemp, R. Wenninger, W. Biel, G. Federici, W. Morris, H. Zohm
Fusion Engineering and Design 123 (2017) 63-66
A stepladder approach to a tokamak fusion power plant
H. Zohm, F. Träuble, W. Biel, E. Fable, R. Kemp, H. Lux, M. Siccinio, R. Wenninger
Nuclear Fusion 57 (2017) 086002
Dealing with uncertainties in fusion power plant conceptual development
R. Kemp, H. Lux, M. Kovari, J. Morris, R. Wenninger, H. Zohm, W. Biel, G. Federici
Nuclear Fusion 57 (2017) 046024
Selected transport studies of a tokamak-based DEMO fusion reactor
E. Fable, R. Wenninger, R. Kemp
Nuclear Fusion 57 (2017) 022015
The physics and technology basis entering European system code studies for DEMO
R. Wenninger, R. Kembleton, C. Bachmann, W. Biel, T. Bolzonella, S. Ciattaglia, F. Cismondi, M. Coleman, A.J.H. Donné, T. Eich, E. Fable, G. Federici, T. Franke, H. Lux, F. Maviglia, B. Meszaros, T. Pütterich, S. Saarelma, A. Snickers, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, D. Wolff and H. Zohm
Nuclear Fusion 57 (2017) 016011
2016
System code analysis of HELIAS-type fusion reactor and economic comparison with tokamaks
F. Warmer, S.B. Torrisi, C.D. Beidler, A. Drinklage, Y. Feng, J. Geiger, F. Schauer, Y. Turkin, R. Wolf, P. Xanthopoulos, R. Kemp, P. Knight, H. Lux, D. Ward
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 44 (2016) 1576-1585
Radiation and confinement in 0D fusion systems codes
H. Lux, R. Kemp, E. Fable, R. Wenninger
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 58 (2016) 075001
From W7-X to a HELIAS fusion power plant: motivation and options for an intermediate-step burning-plasma stellarator
F. Warmer, C.D. Beidler, A. Drinklage, R. Wolf, The W7-X Team
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 58 (2016) 074006
A parameter study of time-varying tritium production in solid-type breeder blankets
J. Shimwell, M. Kovari, S. Lilley, S. Zheng, L.W.G. Morgan, L.W. Packer, J. McMillan
Fusion Engineering and Design 104 (2016) 34-29
"PROCESS": A systems code for fusion power plants - Part 2: Engineering
M. Kovari, F. Fox, C. Harrington, R. Kembleton, P. Knight, H. Lux, J. Morris
Fusion Engineering and Design 104 (2016) 9-20
2015
Impurity radiation in DEMO systems modelling
H. Lux, R. Kemp, D.J. Ward, M. Sertoli
Fusion Engineering and Design 101 (2015) 42-51
Implementation and verification of a HELIAS module for the systems code PROCESS
F. Warmer, C.D. Beidler, A. Dinklage, K. Egorov, Y. Feng, J. Geiger, R. Kemp, P. Knight, F. Schauer, Y. Turkin, D. Ward, R. Wolf, P. Xanthopoulos
Fusion Engineering and Design 98-99 (2015) 2227-2230
Implications of toroidal field coil stress limits on power plant design using PROCESS
J. Morris, R. Kemp, M. Kovari, J. Last, P. Knight
Fusion Engineering and Design 98-99 (2015) 1118-1121
Optimal design of a toroidal field magnet system and cost of electricity implications for a tokamak using high temperature superconductors
T.S. Lee, I. Jenkins, E. Surrey, D.P. Hampshire
Fusion Engineering and Design 98-99 (2015) 1072-1075
HELIAS module development for systems codes
F. Warmer, C.D. Beidler, A. Dinklage, K. Egorov, Y. Feng, J. Geiger, F. Schauer, Y. Turkin, R. Wolf, P. Xanthopoulos
Fusion Engineering and Design 91 (2015) 60-66
2014
"PROCESS": A systems code for fusion power plants - Part 1: Physics
M. Kovari, R. Kemp, H. Lux, P. Knight, J. Morris, D.J. Ward
Fusion Engineering and Design 89 (2014) 3054-3069
EU DEMO design point studies
R. Kemp, D.J. Ward, G. Federici, R. Wenninger, J. Morris
25th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, St. Petersburg, Russia (2014)
Impurity Radiation in DEMO
H. Lux, R. Kemp, D.J. Ward, M. Sertoli
41st EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Berlin, Germany (2014)
2013
FRESCO, a simplified code for cost analysis of fusion power plants
C. Bustreo, G. Casini, G. Zollino, T. Bolzonella, R. Piovan
Fusion Engineering and Design 88 (2013) 3141-3151
Start-up requirements and current-drive issues for a pulsed DEMO, and potential implications for power output to the grid
W.E. Han, P.J. Knight, T.N. Todd, D.J. Ward
Fusion Engineering and Design 88 (2013) 994-997
Pulsed DEMO design assessment studies
T.N. Todd
Fusion Science and Technology 64 (2013) 76-85
2012
Benchmarking reactor systems studies by comparison of EU and Japanese system code results for different DEMO concepts
R. Kemp, M. Nakamura, D.J. Ward, K. Tobita, G. Federici
24th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, San Diego, USA (2012)
Efforts towards improvement of systems codes for the Broader Approach DEMO design
M. Nakamura, R. Kemp, H. Utoh, D.J. Ward, K. Tobita, R. Hiwatari, G. Federici
Fusion Engineering and Design 87 (2012) 864-867
2011
Stress and fatigue in the magnets in DEMO in pulsed and steady-state operation using geometric scaling factors
M. Kovari
Fusion Engineering and Design 86 (2011) 2713-2716
2010
The physics of DEMO
D.J. Ward
Plasma Physics and Contolled Fusion 52 (2010) 124033
2009
Newly developing conceptions of DEMOs: Pulsing and hydrogen
D.J. Ward
Fusion Science and Technology 56 (2009) 581-588
2008
Economic consequences of fusion materials development
D.J. Ward, S.L. Dudarev
22nd IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Geneva, Switzerland (2008)
2007
Power plant conceptual studies in Europe
D. Maisonnier, D. Campbell, I. Cook, L. Di Pace, L. Giancarli, J. Hayward, A. Li Puma, M. Medrano, P. Norajitra, M. Roccella, P. Sardain, M.Q. Tran and D. Ward
Nuclear Fusion 47 (2007) 1524-1532
2006
DEMO and fusion power plant conceptual studies in Europe
D. Maisonnier, I. Cook, S. Pierre, B. Lorenzo, D.P. Luigi, G. Luciano, N. Prachai, P. Aldo, PPCS Team
Fusion Engineering and Design 81 (2006) 1123-1130
2005
Physics, systems analysis and economics of fusion power plants
D.J. Ward
IAEA technical meeting on first generation of fusion power plants: Design and technology, Vienna, Austria (2005)
The economic viability of fusion power
D.J. Ward, I. Cook, Y. Lechon, R. Saez
Fusion Engineering and Design 75-79 (2005) 1221-1227
European fusion power plant studies
I. Cook, D. Maisonnier, N.P. Taylor, D.J. Ward, P. Sardain, L. Di Pace, L. Giancarli, S. Hermsmeyer, P. Norajitra, R. Forrest, PPCS Team
Fusion Science and Technology 47 (2005) 384-392
2002
Prospects for economic fusion electricity
I. Cook, R.L. Miller, D.J. Ward
Fusion Engineering and Design 63-64 (2002) 25-33
2001
Economically acceptable fusion power stations with safety and environmental advantages
D.J. Ward, N.P. Taylor, I. Cook
Fusion Engineering and Design 58-59 (2001) 1033-1036
The safety, environmental and economic implications of the use of silicon carbide in fusion power plant blankets
N.P. Taylor, I. Cook, R.A. Forrest, C.B.A. Forty, W.E. Han, D.J. Ward
Fusion Engineering and Design 58-59 (2001) 991-995
2000
A model of the availability of a fusion power plant
N.P. Taylor, P.J. Knight, D.J. Ward
Fusion Engineering and Design 51-52 (2000) 363-369
The effect of optimal wall loads and blanket technologies on the cost of fusion electricity
P.J. Knight, D.J. Ward
Fusion Engineering and Design 51-52 (2000) 345-350
A conceptual design of a spherical tokamak power plant
G.M. Voss, S. Allfrey, A. Bond, Q. Huang, P.J. Knight, V. Riccardo, H.R. Wilson
Fusion Engineering and Design 51-52 (2000) 309-318
The impact of physics assumptions on fusion economics
D.J. Ward, I. Cook, P.J. Knight
18th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Sorrento, Italy (2000)
Spherical tokamak power plant design issues
T.C. Hender, A. Bond, J. Edwards, P.J. Karditsas, K.G. McClements, J. Mustoe, D.V Sherwood, G.M. Voss, H.R. Wilson
Fusion Engineering and Design 48 (2000) 255-263
1996
Key issues for the economic viability of magnetic fusion power
T.C. Hender, P.J. Knight, I. Cook
Fusion Technology 30 (1996) 1605-1612